Stress and Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stress and Health - Essay Example This website provides basic, yet critical information on the relationship between stress and health. According to Krantz, Thorn and Kiecolt-Glasser (2013), stress refers to the â€Å"fight or flight response† when faced with a threat. This response results in increased blood pressure, elevated heart rate and energy production which could have serious health consequences irrespective of the magnitude of stress. Sudden emotional stresses could trigger arrhythmias, heart attacks or even sudden death. The longer the stress period, the worse the effects, thus the resultant irritability, lack of concentration and wearing and tearing of the body. Existing problems such as coronary diseases could worsen leading to cardiovascular risk. Having been informed of the negative health consequences of stress, the website would further educate Felina on ways to increase positive affect, including building strong relationships, resting and seeking help. This has been noted to decrease cardiovas cular risks and thus decrease the negative health effects of stress. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2013, February). Relaxation techniques for health: An introduction. Retrieved 15 January 2014 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/stress/relaxation.htm From this website sponsored by the US Department of Health and Human Services through the National Institutes of Health, Felina would learn of the health benefits associated with effective stress management. In this case, relaxation techniques, including mind and body practices, release tension and counteract the negative effects of stress. The techniques slow down heart rate, decrease levels of stress hormones and oxygen consumption and lower blood pressure. Analyzing past studies, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, NCCAM (2013) documents that relaxation reduces surgery and abdominal pain, nausea due to chemotherapy and smoking desire, controls urinary urgency and

Three Different Type of Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Three Different Type of Family - Essay Example I was supposed to be at the Saudi Embassy by 11:00 o’ clock. I was in West Los Angeles. My heart was beating fast and I was immersed in perspiration beads. I feared that I might miss the opportunity to apply for the passport in time. It had taken a lot of effort to get the date for application and I could not afford missing that opportunity. I managed to reach the Saudi Embassy in ten minutes. I was pleased I was not quite late, but the staff did not cooperate with me the much I expected them to. They referred me to one another which frustrated me. Anyway, I managed to apply for the passport. I had not done the breakfast to my full and was feeling really hungry. Since morning, I had been moving here and there in frustration. I was overwhelmed with anxiety and wanted a good lunch to energize myself. I was feeling very low and was red in the face. It felt like I was having a very high blood pressure. On my way to Santa Monica, I drove across my girlfriend’s favorite pizza restaurant. Suddenly, I felt a cool breeze filling me. I wondered if love was powerful enough to make me happy at this point in my life when I was feeling very low. My blood pressure started to regulate. I decided to have the lunch, so I parked my car aside the restaurant. Even before I had entered the restaurant, I knew where I was going to sit or what I was going to order. I planned to occupy the same table where my girlfriend and I had sat the last time and order the same meal we had had then. But unfortunately, that table was already occupied by a family. There were a total of three families in the restaurant. The family occupying my table had four members in it; a father, a mother and two sons. This was the first family. It felt very much like a projection of my dream family, wherein I would have two sons from my girlfriend. The family sitting on the left of that table had two members in it. There was a man a child. The man seemed like the father and the child seemed like his son. This was the second family. To the right was another family with six people in it. There was a man and a woman that seemed like a husband and a wife. To the left of the husband were two sons. In between the husband and the wife was a one year old child, and to the right of the wife was a daughter. This was the third family. The first family was a dual parent family. The sons had their biological children with them. The second family represented single parent family. The mother had left the child’s father and had married her lover. The child had no sibling but had his biological father with him. The third family was a merging family. In between the husband and the wife was their biological child. To the right of the wife was the daughter from her previous husband. To the left of the husband were the two sons from his previous wife. The first family was a biracial family. The wife was African American whereas the husband was Caucasian American. The sons had tanned skin whi le the color of one son was darker than the other. The second and third families were uniracial in that all members belonged to the same race. In the second family, both the father and the son were Asian Americans. They seemed like Indians that had immigrated to the US. The third family was of Caucasian Americans. All family members were white. It seemed like the girl’

U.S. and Educational Empowerment Essay Example for Free

U.S. and Educational Empowerment Essay With the increasing challenges and complexities the world universities are faced with a number of issues. However, the universities of the U. S. confront these issues in a graver manner. With globalization has come the ease of movement across nations of students, intellectual property, faculty members, and educational services; as such, according to Ruby (2005) , universities and especially of U. S. face major challenges which are as follows: 6. 1. 3. 1) Growing Global Demand The demand for higher education internationally will grow dramatically. It is estimated that in 2025 the number of students would reach to 263 million students as compared to 97 million in 2000. 400% more students will leave for abroad for higher education. Here the U. S. universities will see great competition on the international front and need to work in the smooth lines so that empowerment of future talent in globalized environment becomes a reality because such areas as culture of universities, size, teaching excellence, quality and so on would be at critical ends. 6. 1. 3. 2) Diverse Students The number of students would grow not only in quantity but also in diversity which would itself be a critical area in need of tactical handling for the U. S. to tackle. 6. 1. 3. 3) Private Sector’s Involvement In provision of education, the governments of many industrialized countries are now joining hands with the private sector so that expansion of educational institutions can be rightly observed; however, this is another area of debate which seems to rise globally in the coming times. For instance, research, quality of education, elasticity in the market, government monitoring, students finance, etc. are some issues being debated now. But these will appear to be complex in the more globalized times of the future. 6. 1. 3. 4) Delivery with Diversification Today, new technologies like tapes, video streaming, Internet provide students with ample liberty of where to learn. Distance learning is becoming more and more common. However, the handling of this area is critical as the number of students rises. Moreover, the delivery with diversification will need to be incorporated in education to empower the growing demands of global youth. 6. 1. 3. 5) Learning and Research There are a wide spectrum of question in relation to research, learning and globalization both in private and public sectors universities. For instance, rapidly changing social scenario has generated a lot of content that needs to be investigated for future incorporation in order to enhance learning. Moreover, changing demands for careers, new areas of knowledge and so on, raise thorny question as how research and learning will be incorporated in the complex air of globalization . With these issues at hand, the need to expand expertise, both technical and social, is the current area that can assure better empowerment of present and current generation. By meeting these challenges not only the U. S. universities but universities all over the world can make it a possibility to quip youth with required tools so the complexities of globalization are changed into fruitful gains for humanity on the whole. I would like to raise one point that the developing world seems to be struggling in the area of educational change in globalization. I have strong conviction, after going through all the discourse, that unless the developing world realizes the importance of education diversity and works for the empowerment of its youth, the brain drain, and hunt for talent would still be there. 7- Corporate Sector and Empowerment of Talent Now coming to the corporate world, the situation is all the more complex and great activity is being observed in the whole corporate world relative of globalization. Corporate world is an area where demands and requirements are different from governments because it has different ends to meet: generation of profit, to sum up. However, the concept of globalization has been welcomed by this fraction of the world internationally, yet the challenges are far and varied. According to Terry (2002), in the corporate world the meaning of globalization is crossing of technical, cultural, and financial boundaries causing international flow of goods, services, and information becomes possible. Henceforth, the corporate world also foresees the challenges and opportunities being carried by this wave. The biggest challenge present now and would continue to linger in the future is the lack of managerial staff and adapted training of managerial staff and professionals in other areas. As such training and development of human capital is something the entire corporate world is focusing on. In this context, needs of companies are changing. Today, companies are expanding worldwide and the customer is global customer. Additionally, competition of customization of product to meet individual consumers’ needs is another added complexity. All this needs staff that is sufficient in number and is equipped with enough capacity and skill to join in the production line. Education, in-house training, use of technologies, and development of human capital is all the companies regard as empowerment of their present and future talent. There is another concept that has taken roots in at the managerial level. This is the fresh concept of global leadership. This, according to Bill Gardner, director of corporate expansion and elevation for Advanced Micro Devices, is when managers can work in any unit of their parent company, anywhere in the world. This concept has sparked new lights of innovation and diversity in the corporate world. However, one point is also clear that this need is natural because according to a VP of a pharmaceutical company there are only a few people who are capable of dealing with our biggest problems which have been born out of the complexities of globalization. Hence, hunt for these people is not easy. What is required is the availability of these people at any cost and at any terms and condition. For this purpose any measures that are necessary would be taken. Moreover, it is highly imperative that through extensive training and development such talent is produced locally to meet the upcoming challenges. In a nutshell, then, empowerment of talent is possible via the road of development which must be up to the standards of present and future trends of international market . Moreover, intellectuals, the finest talent of the world, are now seen as one social group who are considered responsible for the solution of the entire world on the whole. As such empowerment of talent is now the issue of the whole globe as a community rather as fragments of countries and groups.

Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels

Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels The 1998 film Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels was directed and written by Guy Ritchie who would eventually create the reboot of the solid blockbuster series, Sherlock Holmes. His earlier movie is about four criminal friends who are roped into three dramatic events in their life that are going on at the same time. This film is very unique because of the simultaneous structure of the plot tied together with parallel editing. It has so many things to enjoy about it: the atmospheric East London locations, the lush visuals, and the distinctive camera angles employed by Ritchie. Everything in this film catches the eye. Ritchie’s movie is a thrill to watch because he keeps you constantly on edge. The theme of the film is about karma and the way fate plays its fickle finger on the characters’ lives. If the characters in the film have a certain set of moral standards, then their future fates are left to decide whether or not they live or die. If a person is of an â€Å"honorable† background (at least within the code of thieves) or has moral beliefs in loyalty to his friends, in the end they will triumph over the darker elements of the criminal underworld. As you watch the film, you start to understand that some of the characters in this film aren’t exactly great people but they are decent enough to do the right thing for themselves and for their friends in the end. The film starts off with four close friends: Eddy (Nick Moran), Tom (Jason Flemyng), Bacon (Jason Stathom), and Soap (Dexter Fletcher). They are getting 100,000 euro notes so that Eddy can get into one of the many sleazy card games put on by porn mogul Harry â€Å"the Hatchet† Lonsdale (played by P. H. Moriarty.) Harry botches the game so that Eddy losses the 100,000 that he handed them to enter. Now he has to pay an additional amount of 400,000 euros. Harry tells Eddy that he wants the money to be given to him at the end of a full week or else he’ll have to deal with his East End enforcers. This is the inciting action that triggers the entire plot. How are these friends going to raise that huge amount of money? This inspires a great mix of dark comedy and violence for the rest of the film. After several days with no luck acquiring the funds, Eddy comes home and overhears his neighbors, a gang of crooks led by a man named Dog played by Frank Harper. The gang is planning a robbery on some pot growers who may be loaded not only with drugs but the needed money to solve the debt problem. Eddy sends this information to his long-time pals. He is intending for them to rob the shady neighbors as they come back from the theft of the marijuana dealers. The gang of four installs taping equipment to monitor the neighbors. Tom obtains a pair of antique shotguns from a black market dealer, known as Nick the Greek (Steven Marcus) who also strikes a deal with Rory Breaker (Vas Blackwood), a sociopathic gangster, to buy the stolen drugs. Nick had purchased the guns from a pair of foolish small time criminals, Gary and Dean, who in turn had stolen them from a bankrupt British lord as part of a job for Harry â€Å"the Hatchet.† None of the characters realize that, of the entire stolen firearms collection, Harry’s only desire was those two extremely valuable antique shotguns now in the hands of Tom. After learning the guns had been sold, an enraged Barry â€Å"the Baptist,† Harry’s personal bodyguard, threatens the two idiots into getting them back. The plot thickens, pointing towards future mayhem. As a sad trivia aside, the film was dedicated to Lenny McLean who performed Barry â€Å"the Baptist.† Mr. McLean had died of cancer only one month before the film’s premie re. The neighbors robbery gets underway according to schedule. Despite the death of a gang member stupidly by his own gun and a shaky chance encounter with a traffic cop, the job against the pot dealers is a success. Thinking they’re finally safe when the crooks arrive back at their London apartment, that neighbor gang is ambushed by our four friends. They take the neighbor’s looted money and return later that night to stash the goods next door. It is now time for a crazy night of celebratory drinking. Socio Rory discovers that the drugs he was going to buy were actually stolen from him. The marijuana growers were in his employees. Rory interrogates/tortures Nick into telling where the four friends live. Meanwhile, furious about their loss, Dog throws one of his men through the wall of their apartment. They discover the taping equipment on the other side and eventually all the stolen money and drugs. As Dog counts the money, the crooked neighbors prepare an ambush. Meanwhile Gary and Dean, trying to recover the antique shotguns, call on a traumatized Nick, who directs them to the same apartment address. Big Chris, Harrys debt collector, leaves with his son to the same destination as the four friends drive home from their bar crawl. Fate has played all the cards on the fortunes of all the characters. This will be the climax of the plot. Rory and his gang assault the apartment and have a shootout with the neighbors, resulting in the deaths of all but Dog and Winston, Rory’s chemist. Winston makes off with the marijuana. Dog is robbed by Big Chris of the shotguns and money during his escape. Gary and Dean spot Big Chris with the guns and hastily follow him, while the four friends return to find their loot missing. Big Chris gives the guns and cash to Harry, but on his return to the car he finds Dog threatening to kill his son if he doesnt retrieve the money. Desperate to get the guns, Gary and Dean attack Harry and Barry at their office, not knowing what Harry looks like and not noticing Barry until after he retaliates. Within seconds all four men are dead. The four friends are arrested, but confirmed to be innocent after the traffic cop identified Dogs dead gang as the primary suspects. When they retreat back to the bar, they discover Tom is out on a mission to throw the priceless shotguns off a bridge into the River Thames. In looking at a catalog of antiques, the friends learn the guns are worth thousands of dollars. As they try to call, Tom puts the phone in his mouth and the film ends with him trying to throw the shotguns off the bridge that he failed throwing the first time. Now, with the guns are on a ledge and the phone is in Tom’s mouth, the film concludes with Tom not knowing what to do next. The movie fades to black in a hilarious cliffhanger making for a perfect ending The emotional tone of the film is that of fear, remorsefulness, and giddy happiness. Another emotional quality felt is ironic surprise. The irony that the characters have to face in nearly every scene is hilarious. The film has a delightfully quirky dark comedic quality. It always puts these characters that you sometimes feel sorry and sympathize, in uneasy situations that they have to pry their way out some manner. Similar and comparable films that share this unique gallows humor include Pulp Fiction and Reservoir Dogs. The structure of the film is fairly straightforward following a chronological development of the plot. There was one scene where Ritchie uses flash-forward in his story telling. The sequence involves a car crash. Then the next scene was about the same car crash only it details how it happened and who it happened too. It is a clever use of time manipulation. The musical soundtrack is mostly previously released music that wasn’t originally orchestrated for the film. The score contains a wide variety of music from rock to reggae with songs including â€Å"The Boss† and â€Å"The Payback† by James Brown, â€Å"Spooky† by Dusty Springfield, â€Å"Liar, Liar† by The Castaways, â€Å"I Wanna Be Your Dog† by The Stooges, and â€Å"Walk This Land (Remix)† by Ez Rollers. The use of these musical hits from the 1960s and 1970s is diverse and brilliant. The cinematography by director of photography, Tim Maurice-Jones, is excellent. The most memorable parts include the POV (point of view) camera sequence on Eddie when he is in disarray having just lost all of the money. When Harry dramatically dies, the production team slows things down. You can see the brutal action unfold while time is now going at a much slower intense pace using Slo Mo, a signature Ritchie technique later used in his successful Sherlock Holmes series. Also there is a sequence where a chunk of one of the robber’s hair is completely blown off. The way Maurice-Jones and Ritchie used smoke and lighting in that â€Å"hair-raising† moment was pretty charming. It was reminiscent of those old slap stick cartoons where something ungodly happens to a character. You think the cartoon character is badly damaged but they just have a slight burn or minor scratch. This film has to be one of the best films I’ve seen recently. It is an exciting take on the crime world and how most criminals get the barrel in the end. The film is stunningly balanced between being humorous and serious at the same time. Its use as a â€Å"hyperlink cinema† piece is one for the books. Ritchie does an excellent job in connecting all the different stories, playing with time, and interweaving surprising plot twists. He makes you feel joy when you like a certain character from a different part of the story. Then you see them interact with a dangerous character, you had no idea would ever see him or her again. He creates a feeling of immense tension. The film is a tightly constructed masterpiece. Ritchie’s movie just does not stop for a second. It is full of refreshingly dark humor and filmed with real style and flair. Like a great book, I didn’t want it to end. That is how much I enjoyed this film. You feel such a connection with the story and with the characters. In the paltry 107 minutes this movie is played, you want to watch these characters lives played out even more. Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels has a certain message or moral: to never be too greedy and always try to stick to an ethical path otherwise you might get the heat of life in the end. There are not moral choices being made in this movie. But nevertheless, there are moral people in this story. Even though they do bad things and sometimes pay dearly for it, their hearts are in the right place. Sometimes. Let’s just pray they won’t get into any trouble next time.

Mental Health Panopticon Essay -- prison systems

Prisons act as a total institution where inmates are put on a strict schedule and fall under one of the most gruesome forms of social control. Because of this, many inmates rebel resulting in prisons having to increase security and impose stricter punishments. As a result of this, less effort has been put into helping mentally ill inmates. The term panopticon, coined by Bentham illustrates the concept that the prison design would allow guards to see into cells but not allowing prisoners to see out. Thus, this would allow guards to have omniscient power over the inmates. Fortunately, this never worked as a prison, however prison has created a type of mental health panopticon. This allows for mentally ill parents to feel like they are always being observed; similarly to that of an experiment. Despite prisons best attempt to equally serve all inmates to the best of their ability, prioritizing security and punishment has lead to a mental health panopticon. As a result, prisons environm ents have exacerbated negative behaviours, created an inhumane environment for prisoners and lack the means to aid in mental health. First, the prison system exacerbates negative behaviour such as drug use, self-harming behaviour and suicidal thoughts and actions. One of the most significant ways that the prison community worsens drug use, self-harming behaviour and suicidal thought is providing minimal amount of harm reduction. Accordingly, Lines makes note that higher instance of HIV/HVD and other transmitted disease are a cause on mental health issues within prison, this harm reduction measures would improve the overall health of individuals in prison (Lines at Al. 2005). Thus, the prion systems all intersects: much like society, the happier the i... ...t work. Instilling fear into people works to conform behavior to a degree but it ultimately creates prisons with exacerbated negative behaviours inhume and unfit environments. Works Cited Brown, Michelle. (2012). Empathy and Punishment. Punishment & Society 14(4): 383-401. Lamb, H. Richard., Weinberger, Linda E., & Gross, Bruce H. (2004). Mentally ill persons in the criminal justice system: Some Perspectives. Psychiatric Quarterly 75(2): 107-126. Lines, Rick., Jurgens, Ralf., Betteridge, Glenn., & Stover, Heino. (2005). Taking action to reduce injecting drug-related harms in prisons: The evidence of effectiveness of Out of control [Television series episode]. (2010). In The fift estate. CBC. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/episodes/2009-2010/out-of-control Sapers, H. (2008). A Preventable Death. Available at: http://www.oci-bec.gc.ca/rpt/index-eng.aspx

Pro War Attitude Conveyed in Robert Bridges Poem Wake Up, England Essa

In the poem â€Å"Wake Up, England† by Robert Bridges, the speaker expresses his pro-war attitude and urges his English citizens to support the war by playing with our fears, duty and patriotism. In stanza one and two, the speaker asks the citizens to stand up for England because now is not a time for happiness. This is shown when, ‘Thou peace-maker, fight/Stand, England, for honor.’ (Line 2-3); meaning that the speaker is wanting the citizens of England to fight, either physically in the war or supporting it. As stated in stanza two, the enemy is dangerous and is advancing, so the English must not be idle; ‘Thy cavil’ and play; the foe is upon thee.’ The word â€Å"foe† is used to represent the opponent of England. The English need to be more alert and take initiative. To reinforce his point about the seriousness of war, the speaker alerts us about England’s enemy. As stated in stanza 3 the enemy’s are coming: ‘The monarch Ambition/Hath harnessed the slaves’. This states that the enemy is gathering an army and ready to fight England. In the following lines of stanza 3 the speaker contin...

Tqm-an Approach Toward Good Governance

Total Quality Management An Approach towards Good Governance By *Uzma Akbar **Akbar S. Awan *FOUNDATION University Institute of Management and Computer Sciences Newlalazar, Rawalpindi. Pakistan **Principle WAH Engineering College, University of WAH WAH Cantt, Pakistan 1. Introduction The federal government of Pakistan (GOP) is presently organized into 48 divisions, 173 attached departments and 203 autonomous/semi-autonomous bodies (including public corporations, public sector banks and other public sector organizations). In addition to this, it also employs a military force of 0. 65 million. It spends billion of rupees, and directly or indirectly, accounts for major part of our national economy. The GOP executes its non-defense related constitutional responsibilities through some 450,000 civil servants. These are further spread through 17,700 civil servants organized in federal secretariat, 113,000 civil servants in federal attached departments and subordinate offices, 122,500 employees of Pakistan Railway and 196,800 employees in the autonomous bodies, public corporations and financial institutions. [1] Our public sector departments have created enormous financial burden on our limited national exchequer. They still adhere to obsolete management practices which have been abandoned by most of the civilized countries. Leaving side a few organizations, our public sector is not thinking to improve the quality of services, whereas the crushing national debt calls for urgent cuts in cost of public functionaries. Poor management in federal government has serious consequences. Money is wasted, programs do not work, and Projects do not start or remain uncompleted for many years. That is why Pakistani customers see and observe but cannot complain. All the complaints remain unnoticed; all suggestions for improvement never get any response. Inside the government as well bad management stifles the morale of internal customer and system over there is designed to kill the initiative. The administrative management of our Government needs overhauling. The time has come to radically change the way, government operates. 2. Total Quality in Government By Total Quality in government we mean lean, decentralized and innovative government where people are flexible, adaptive, and quick to learn new ways when conditions change. They use customer choice and competition to get things done as creatively and effectively as possible. So when we talk about quality management in Federal Government, we too must rely on market based incentives with less focus on conventional new programs. The concept of Total Quality Government goes beyond cost cutting in government. It is adopted to apply the principles and tools of TQM. Many organizations have been successful with their TQM initiatives and derived such benefits as reducing costs, increasing productivity and customer satisfaction. 3. TQM Application By adopting TQM we will be able to provide the philosophy, mindset, tools and methodologies to â€Å"Transform† effectively. The use of TQM which refers to: †¢ Performance measurement of organizations †¢ Customer management †¢ Process control †¢ Continuous improvement programs †¢ Best management practices This has proved to be an effective strategy for improving the performance of not only Government organizations but also public administrations. [2] TQM is seen as the most comprehensive approach to Quality thinkable for an enterprise. The pillars of Total Quality Management are T Q M: †¢ T stands for Total. It is the Integration of the Staff, Suppliers, Customers and other Stakeholders. Away from Party-specific Thinking to a more holistic approach. †¢ Q stands for Quality. It is the Quality of the work and the process of the Enterprise leading to Quality of Products. †¢ M for Management. It stresses the leadership task â€Å"Quality† and the Quality of leadership. From the enterprises point of view TQM can be seen as a Leadership Model. There is no single theoretical formalization of total quality, but philosophers provide the core assumptions, as: â€Å"Discipline and philosophy of management which institutionalizes planned and continuous improvement . It assumes that quality is the outcome of all activities that take place within an organization; that all functions and all employees have to participate in the improvement process; that organizations need both quality systems and a quality culture. † [3] 4. Quality Management Systems and Tools Systems and tools systematically inculcate and reinforce the TQ culture within an organization. QM starts with philosophical base-systems and tools are relevant after the philosophy is established. Most of the TQM efforts fail because organizations try to implement TQM techniques (Tools and Systems) without adopting the TQM philosophy. They start the journey from the wrong point. Instead of starting with the philosophy they try to first use the tools and the systems without ensuring that at the very minimum, the philosophy is absorbed by the top management. [4] 5. The Concept of Continuous Improvement by TQM TQM is mainly concerned with continuous improvement in all work, from high level strategic planning and decision-making, to detailed execution of work elements on the shop floor. It stems from the belief that mistakes can be avoided and defects can be prevented. It leads to continuously improving results, in all aspects of work, as a result of continuously improving capabilities, people, processes, and technology and machine capabilities. 6. Experience of Other countries Under the cover of TQM, US business and political leaders turned to quality to stay competitive on world market or to reclaim their host markets. Meanwhile like many other agencies, the US defense organizations faced, budget cutbacks and reduced staff. Using Quality management, however these organizations streamlined producers in man areas, increasing morale and saved an impressive amount of money. 5] The Government of Pakistan should try to adopt the process of Total Quality management as the core of its management style to solve its problem and re-structure. Such a strategy is being used in the entire European Union, USA, Japan and other developed countries for sustaining their economic growth. 7. Problems for Quality Initiative in Federal Government Improving service qual ity without increasing costs is more difficult to achieve in the public sector than it is in the private sector because elected officials must attempt continuously to balance the multiple conflicting goals of diverse interest groups. Over a decade ago Peter Drucker identified six barriers to productivity improvement. These are: †¢ Lack of clear performance targets †¢ Trying to do too many things at once †¢ Solving problems by throwing people at them †¢ Lack of experimental attitude †¢ Lack of elevation so nothing is learned from it †¢ Reluctance to abandon programs [6] If two or more sins are committed simultaneously, then they may lead to program failure. In short the quality approaches requires fundamental changes in traditional management role. Most individuals and organizations in the public sector will find these changes very difficult to implement. Our Public sector organizations are facing more monumental hurdles because: †¢ The discipline of a competitive global market place that provides incentive for radical changes to business, industry and other managers is missing in our government †¢ In many instances, our government prefers to act as protector for enforcement of policies based on political and social grounds. This leads to treat efficiency as secondary. †¢ The major barrier to accelerating quality management in government is the lack of strong consensus for change among top officials. They find little time for management issues unless problems directly invade on concerns of administration. 8. Objectives for implementing TQM Principles in Government Organizations The quality of governance and government is the top enabler of rapid economic growth and strength of a country. Government must fulfill: †¢ Politically defined missions †¢ Enhance social values †¢ Deliver critical public goods to citizens The ability of the state to provide efficient and customer focused institution is fundamental to vibrant and broad based markets. In Pakistan there is a public perception that government institution â€Å"Over promise and under deliver†. There is false impression in the public sector about what is meant by ‘efficient and customer focused institutions’. Total Quality Management or TQM refers to various approaches for improving the performance of organizations. Improvements and objectives for implementation of TQM principles in Government of Pakistan (GOP) organizations are as follows: [7] †¢ Provide Platform for launching ‘Good Governance’ Program: In Pakistan due to the lack of any organized models, process, leadership and legal frameworks; this aim could not be achieved. Measuring, controlling and mproving performance is specialized function to be addressed on professional basis rather than political grounds. In our country most of problems arise due to the political involvement of individuals. All developed countries tackle good governance through an organizational structure with the aid of professional and legal models. †¢ Citizen satisfaction Index: The citizens Satisfaction In dex of Public assessing the government organizations and offices must be raised continuously. Presently there is no formal method to measure Citizen Satisfaction Index i-e performance of the government. For example, the US government in early 90’s started an organized campaign. They set the target to raise the CSI from 67% to 80% in subsequent time of 4 years. They launched a program called â€Å"Reinventing the government† and were successful in raising the CSI close to their target. The GOP needs to establish a framework for good governance and lay the foundation for improving the quality and productivity of public sector. This includes measuring, controlling and improving the performance of government that shall lead to overall increase in Citizen Satisfaction[8] Raising the Quality and Productivity Levels of GOP: With the changing global scenario, the rapidly developing countries in ASEAN, are giving high priority to improving the quality and productivity levels of Governments. GOP has still not laid any professional foundation for improving its quality and productivity. The Government should join hands with nations with highly efficient and effective government of fices. For this purpose training of the Heads of Departments, Promotional Campaigns and performance based rewards, (according to TQM) should be launched. Linking between Federal and Provincial Governments: The link of quality and productivity must be established between the federal Government and all the four provinces of Pakistan. This means continuity of performance goals for the higher authority. [9] 9. Requirements of TQM in Government Top Management Commitment Commitment from top management may be the most critical factor in the success of any programs. In any government organization the senior management’s commitment is essential and stimulates the implementation of a TQM program. Often, the first step is to convince senior managers of the financial and wider benefits and overcome any barriers that they may have. One of the best ways to do this is to identify obvious areas of cost reduction and environmental improvement and where to make immediate savings through no-cost or low-cost measures. This core element in Total Quality Management system model addresses management commitment. Top management must not only give a lead to the rest of the organization but also ensure that the necessary decisions and actions are taken. Only top management has the motivation and the power to effect changes. 10] Employee Involvement The government should try to introduce new course of action in which the communication between the top management and employees increases. They should talk to as many employees as possible about their opinions relating to TQ implementation. Through this act top management will be able to assess their knowledge level and what bugs them about the ini tiatives they have seen in the past. Employees should be asked to give suggestions so that they would be more involved and supportive new programs. TQM process covers the whole organization so all people will feel their ownership in this case. [11] Cultural Transformation The full potential of TQM requires a fundamental cultural change. An organization’s culture is the way organization behaves. It is the way everybody walks, talks, thinks and acts in everyday life. The culture of quality organization supports and nourishes the improvement efforts of every group and individual in the organization. The cultural change of an agency to TQM requires the courage and commitment of leadership in order to implement a vision of values, ideas, goals and processes. Total Quality Government encourages the manager who innovates and motivates the workers who are free to improve and make decisions. But changing the culture is a lot harder than changing the rules and regulations. This is possible by: †¢ Creating new incentives to accomplish more, through competition and customer choice †¢ Shifting focus of control that is empowering employees to use their judgment, supporting them with the tools they need †¢ Liberating agencies from burden of over regulations and control Building Awareness TQM generates a whole new corporate culture with an emphasis on customer satisfaction, a goal of continual improvement, and commitment to team-building and employee participation at all levels. In a quality organization, the vision, values and systems must be consistent with, and complementary to each other. [12] Empowerment Decentralizing the power to make decisions will energize our government to do everything smart, better, faster and cheaper. GOP policy makers should follow this decentralized approach. This style may reduce or eliminate employee frustration, increase sense of belonging and enhance morale and productivity of an entire organization. 10. Present Situation in Pakistan Pakistan National Accreditation Council (PNAC): This is the main accreditation body in Pakistan responsible for accreditation of certification agencies, inspection agencies, system auditors and laboratories. It was established in 1999 and became operational in 2001. Its annual budget in 2003-04 was around Rs. 12 million. Out of this Rs. 3. 9 million was used for non-development and Rs. 8. 7 million was used for development. Its manpower is 37 persons. Listed below the table gives a comparison of Pakistan’s conformity assessment with India: | | Pakistan |India | | | |Responsible Organization: |Responsible Organization: | | |Reference |Pakistan National Accreditation |Quality Council of India | |Responsibilities |Standards |Council | | | | |(Status) | | | | | |(Status) | |Number of accredited |ISO 17025 | 3 | 400 | |Laboratories | | | | |Number of accredited |ISO Guides 62,66 | 2 | 14 | |Certification Agencies | | | | |Quality Auditor Registration |ISO 17022 | Nil | Nil | |Accreditation Body’s own |ISO Guide 58/61 |In Process | Yes | |competence and Adoption | | | | Prognosis of above table clearly point towards the lack of performance of PNAC (Pakistan National Accreditation Council). Due to poor performance of this important government organization, weak accreditation has resulted in untrustworthy ISO’s certification. This in turn has affected the following aspects: †¢ Low creditability of certification agencies †¢ Testing facilities †¢ Inspection agencies †¢ Un-regulated quality culture †¢ Poor reputation [13] 11. Recommendations The analysis and appraisal of the National and Global scenario clearly leads to following recommendations: †¢ National Performance Improvement Committee. There must be a pool of national experts in key industrial and social sectors drawn from across the country on merit basis. The committee should provide top class expertise for creating a vision and guidance to all the government organizations. The members of the council should be selected purely on professional and leadership grounds. †¢ Development of Public Sector Institutions. The GOP should try to focus on developing clear and concise mission statements and set goals/target for public sector institutions. This conceptual orientation will guide both the strategic direction of the organization and shake the day to day decisions about what the departments do and how they do it. †¢ Differentiation of Performance and Output. There should be clear demarcation between these two aspects. The performance report should be accepted if the source of collecting and reporting is reliable. It should invariably be related to organizational goals and objectives. The name of the game is ‘Performance Audit’. †¢ Public Accountability. All government organizations/institutions should be open to public scrutiny and accountability through the competent bodies such as parliamentary committees on various facets of government activities. †¢ Restructuring of Regulatory Mechanism. Traditional regulatory policy should be restructured into softer approaches for the purpose of promoting competitiveness and ensuring protection of environment and overall safety of the society. †¢ Use of Information Technology. This powerful tool of governance will help our government executives to break down isolatory layers and expedite the delivery of services. New management system can transform our government. It will not only make it more productive but also cut the cost of government. †¢ Adoption of Customer first Approach. The quality organizations must learn to listen to the customers and help customers articulate their needs. Public sector department need to restructure their basic and routine functions to meet the customer need. †¢ Redefine the role of Auditors. Performance auditors should change their approach from pure inspection and auditing to helping the government departments to learn to perform better †¢ De-regulation and Empowerment. Federal and provincial Government should empower public agencies and institutions. Time tested principle of â€Å"authority commensurate with responsibility† should never be lost sight of. †¢ Re-engineering the Work and Office routines. The organizations should re-examine their programs and routines with a view to eliminating duplication of efforts and giving up obsolete ways of doing business. †¢ Facilitation of Economic Activity. Favorable environment should be created for public and private sector companies for their growth and expansion in the world market. Support Entrepreneurial Activity. The GOP should make an endeavor to be in-step with global developments in the realm of business and public policy. Support positive initiatives required for industries and firms to continuous ly adapt and adjust their organizations and structures. For this we need to implement policies which move from conformity to competitiveness 12. Conclusion The extent to which various public sector organizations the values, principles and practices of TQM are variable in the extreme. In actual there is more talk than action so far. Many organizations still have no clear idea of the potential and purpose behind utilizing TQM. There are definite signs of eagerness on the part of public managers to move faster. The lack of organization-wide leadership, in quality is however the main stumbling block. It is too early to tell how our citizens would react and perhaps even would care to react on the direct benefits resulting from the government’s quality initiatives. Nevertheless the race for quality in government sector organizations is far from over; it has just begun. Bibliography 1. Tichey, N. (1983). Managing Strategic Change. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2. Mathew, S. (1973). â€Å"Total Quality Management in the Industrial Sector,† National Productivity Review. 3. Hill Stephen, (1991). Why Quality Circles failed but Total Quality management might succeed. † British journal of industrial relations. 4. James R. Evans and William M. Lindsay â€Å"The Management and Control of Quality†. Sixth Edition. 5. Dale H. Besterfield, Carol Besterfield-Michna, Mary Besterfield-Sacre and Glen H. Besterfield. â€Å"Total Quality Management†. Third Edition 6. â€Å"Top Management Commitment for TQM-A Process Model† by Nadeem Yousaf 7. â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF. 8. â€Å"Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities† by Dr. Ali Sajid 9. â€Å"An Overview on Implementing TQM in Developing Countries† by Kamran Moosa, Head Pakistan Institute of Quality Control 0. â€Å"Gaining Perspectives: the future of TQM in Public sectors† by Madhav N. Sinha 11. â€Å"TQM Implementation in Pakistan-Revolutionary Vs Evolutionary Approach† by Dr. Jamshed Khan. ———————– [1] â€Å"Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities† by Dr. Ali Sajid [2] â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF. [3] Dale H. Besterfield, Carol Besterfield-Michna, Mary Besterfield-Sacre and Glen H. Besterfield. â€Å"Total Qu ality Management†. Third Edition [4] â€Å"TQM Implementation in Pakistan-Revolutionary Vs Evolutionary Approach † by Dr. Jamshed Khan [5] â€Å"Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities† by Dr. Ali Sajid [6] â€Å"Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities† by Dr. Ali Sajid [7] â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF. [8],â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF. [9] â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF. [10] â€Å"Top Management Commitment for TQM-A Process Model† by Nadeem Yousaf [11] James R. Evans and William M. Lindsay â€Å"The Management and Control of Quality†. Sixth Edition. [12] â€Å"An Overview on Implementing TQM in Developing Countries† by Kamran Moosa, Head Pakistan Institute of Quality Control [13] â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF.